CLOUD COMPUTING AND USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION

1. CLOUD COMPUTING

1. DEFINITIONS CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing or cloud computing in the Indonesian language is the combined use of computer technology ('computing') and the development of Internet-based ('cloud'). Cloud (cloud) is metefora from the internet, as clouds are often depicted in computer network diagrams. As the cloud in computer network diagrams, the cloud (cloud) in a Cloud Computing infrastructure is also an abstraction of the complex was hiding.

Cloud computing is known as the Internet cloud is actually a concept at this new technology that allows users of IT, or better known as a user, for use of IT products in the form of a service, with this concept the company or organization service users no longer need think of technology infrastructure, training to experts, or purchase a software license. With cloud computing, companies or organizations simply subscribe to one or more of the services required to do per-service payments over the Internet.

Not quite up there, the notion of cloud computing is actually very diverse. On the internet, we can find many definitions of cloud computing. Even a technical agency has agreed on a definition of cloud computing up to two pages in length. Some people are briefly defines cloud computing as a software that is accessed via the internet. However, Cloud computing can also refer to a large data center where we can store our data.

The players in the field of Cloud Computing Experts believe that the cloud cover above matters, even more. Cloud is a set of devices (PCs, Servers, and even mobile devices) that use the internet to jointly use the numerous resources. A large amount of resources or data stored on a number of servers that work together, so it is able to provide services even in high traffic, and to be able to recover from the sytem crashes.

In simpler language, Cloud means we are able to create, view, modify and save your data (documents, emails, images, etc.), the number of computers located in other places. In other words, you could have 1000 computers to work in an hour, compared to having one computer to work for 1000 hours. This allows us to access the programs that require a lot of resources without having to install or perform maintenance. It also means, you only have to pay for the resources in the event of an increase in traffic or just use it when needed.

2. TYPES OF EXCESS AND CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Types of Cloud Computing

Berikun These are the types of Cloud Computing:

1. SAAS (Software As A Service)

Is a concept whereby service providers (providers) have an application that can be used by multiple clients, with this client does not need to set up a server and software licenses to purchase, they simply buy the service from the application, of course, this will cut the cost of operations.

2. Utility Computing

Cloud Computing this type offer a solution in the form of virtual servers and data storage services (storage data center).

3. Web Services In The Cloud

Is a type of cloud computing that menyedikan service APIs that can be used by developers to build an application, for example: Google Maps, ADP Payroll Processing, the U.S. Postal Service, Bloomberg, etc. ..

4. Platform As A Service

Is a type of cloud computing service menyedikan form application development environment, which is an application development environment where developers can run applications on the server provider and submitted to his client over the Internet.

5. MSP (Manage Service Provider)

Service is to make management of the applications used by cloud computing. With this service, management applications will become easier, because it is done on a single application used by many users, so they can better focus, for example: virus scanning, spam and so on.

6. Service Commerce Platforms

That is a hybrid of SaaS and MSP. This service connects the user with one other, if it is like in a computer network, this service acts as a hub that menguhubungkan one client with another client. This service is widely used in commercial environments.

7. Internet Integration

2. Advantages of Cloud Computing

One of the advantages of Cloud Computing is rapidly deployed, so that means instant for quick implementation.

• Later start-up costs of this technology may be very low or absent and no capital investment.
• Cost of service and usage will be based on a commitment that does not fix.
• This service can easily upgrade or downgrade quickly without a Penalty.
• This service will use the method of multi-tenant (Many of the customers within a platform).
• The ability to customize the service will be limited.

However, Clod Computing also has risks, including,

• Service levels - Cloud providers may not be consistent with the performance of the application or transaction. This requires you to understand the service level you get the transaction response time, data protection and speed data recovery.
• Privacy - As someone else / other companies also do hosting your data probably will come out or read by others may occur without your knowledge or approve of you.
• Data ownership - ownership of the data provided will be able to become the common property in cyberspace.

3. CONCLUSION

IT developments are so rapid, it is always a warm conversation in different societies, to communities located in rural notabennya not to be outdone bersaiing in using these technologies. As a result the computer was already not a luxury anymore in the community, to support technology is the internet which has become a daily diet of these IT users. So, not deny anymore that it is now the digital age Which one human being should be able to adapt to these technological advances. Cloud Computing is the latest technology-based networks that facilitate Internet users (user) make the transaction work with a global network.

2. USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION
1. INTRODUCTION

Utilization of Information Technology has become part of our daily lives. The use of telephone, mobile phone, ATM machine, Internet, and others have not be anything new or strange. He has been attached (pervasive). Similarly, in the college environment, IT is used for everyday purposes. This paper discusses the use of IT in college.

2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

Developing information technology from universities and research institutes. For example the World Wide Web (WWW), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the capital of the Internet boom was developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN (Centre for Particle Physics Research), Switzerland. Internet itself comes from universities and research institutions from the U.S. Department of Defense. It's clear use of information technology at universities and research institutes are nothing new overseas. But in Indonesia these information technology, Internet for example, appears first in commercial packaging (Internet Service Provider) so that their utilization in the new college came later.

Utilization of information technology in higher education, among others, is as a tool for the administration and education. Computers, databases, student information system used to assist in the administration. Correspondence and pengarsipannya was done using a computer and printer. In big cities, colleges rarely encountered that still uses a typewriter to write letters. Yet the computer not only as a substitute for the typewriter. If the computer is taken, the administrative process will be disrupted. This suggests that the use of computers for administrative processes are essential in many colleges.

On the educational side, the computer program used to assist teachers in providing subject matter, presentation and value. Actually, the distribution of course material is cheaper if done with a CD-ROM instead of using paper. For example the price of blank CD-ROM is about USD 3000, -, while that same money can only be used to copy 30 or 50 pages. Unfortunately the CD-ROM reading device is still a computer whose price is relatively expensive and not easy to carry around as we bring the paper. Research is underway to create a digital reading device which is equivalent to conventional paper.

Course material that is placed on a computer network or the Internet can also widen the range of teaching. The term e-learning is usually used for this application. As an example of this approach, the course material I found on the Internet. This material was used by students from elsewhere. Occasionally I get questions from them via e-mail.

In the field of research, information technology is used to accelerate and simplify the research process. Collaboration of researchers who used to be done by meeting the physical, or use a slow correspondence has been replaced with the use of the Internet. E-mail and mailing lists have become part of college life. If the first I have to go to the library to search the literature or have to do interlibrary loan if your local library does not have the papers I was looking for, so now some of the papers can already be obtained via the Internet. Sites such as Citeseer allows me to get the classic papers in the field of computer science without much effort do interlibrary loans are expensive and slow. Professional organization that publishes journals such as IEEE and ACM started to develop a digital library that can be accessed by members. Journals, magazines, proceedings, and the scientific work which is managed by the organization began to be accessible on-line. Conferences and journals already use e-mail for shipping papers.

In addition to using information technology, some universities also develop science and information technology itself. This is done by colleges that have majors related to computer science. Various software and new hardware to grow out of college. Start-up company began to emerge from college.

In addition to developing the field of information technology college is also developing new research fields such as Genome Research, Bioinformatics, and the like with the help of information technology. Areas such as these can only grow exponentially with the use of information technology. Large data size in genome research forces researchers to develop a database that can accommodate such data efficiently. Collaboration to analyze these data are also using computer-assisted spread all over the world using the Internet.

Human Resources (HR) master information technology is also a product of the college. Sometimes it is the main product of the college.

All this shows that the college is closely related to information technology, both in terms of their use or in development.

3. USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY strateg

The use of information technology in an educational institution can vary depending on the capabilities and areas of existing institutions themselves. Could be a faculty, department or departments in a college only use information technology products alone without the need to develop it. Examples of majors who only uses information technology among other areas of law, literature, and many others. For environments like these, it is advisable to purchase or use of information technology products have become the best in the field. They do not need to develop a product or technology itself and should focus on the field.

For educational institutions that have the field of information technology (or related) there is another option, namely to develop its own products. Availability of human resources enabling them to develop and use their own products. For an institution like this is suggested to explore the development of information technology products itself as an alternative of just buying it.

Educational institutions need to calculate the investment value of information technology products that will be used and its benefits. As far as possible all of these quantized (quantified) in the form of value for money (Rupiah). Hope this approach is that it can obtain an overview Return On Investment (ROI) from the utilization of information technology so that its application is not in vain. Questions that can help to focus the institution include:

4. CONCLUSION

Improved quality of learning can be done using educational technology media, by way of finding and identifying the problems faced in the study then looked for a solution through the application of Information Technology sesuai.Upaya solving educational problems, especially problems related to the quality of learning, can be reached by way of the use of various learning resources and the use of learning media serves as a tool in increasing levels of student learning outcomes. Information technology is used as a medium to facilitate the search for such information.

REFERENCES

Tim Berners-Lee, "Weaving the Web: The Past, Present, and Future of the World Wide Web by its Inventor," Texere, 2000.

Most of my course material can be obtained from the site http://budi.insan.co.id .

Citeseer site, http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/ , providing facilities to conduct the search and retrieval of papers relating to the world of computer science (computer science). Many papers are available on this site. In the library of conventional (physical) at several universities abroad did not have these papers.

Site Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): http://www.ieee.org

The site of the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM): http://www.acm.org

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STATE CIVILIZED

STATE CIVILIZED

By : Saeful Bahri

1. INTRODUCTION

Humans are social beings, humans can not live without others, people will always need someone else in her life. The existence of the State in human life is important. State as a container in human life so that people can run their lives with regularity, without a disputes and human social peace can be maintained. The reason is what makes the State as an institution that is important for human beings are social.

In a society that has diverse interests, the state serves to organize these interests in order to create a social harmony. In addition the country is characterized by its authority to compel the law in order to limit its use with the process of social order can be run well.

A civilized country is the dream of every citizen. Before building a civilized country we need to know in advance the basic concepts of state, elements of state, state formation theory, form a state, religion and state, the concept of the relation between religion and state in Islam following empirical experience in several Muslim countries, Europe, America Indonesia and the country as well as how to prevent the disintegration of the nation.

2. BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATE

1). Definition of State

The term state is a translation of a foreign language: state (UK), staat (Netherlands and Germany) or etat (France). This word comes from the Latin status or statum who have understanding about the circumstances and remain upright. The term is often associated with the position of living communion between people which is called by the term civitas status or status republicae. It is this last notion is then associated with the word state.

• In the terminology: the State is defined as the highest organization among a group of people with aspirations to unite, live in an area and have a sovereign government.
• According to Roger. H. Soultou:

State is a blend of tools (agency) and authority (autorithy) that regulate and control issues together.

• According to Harold J. Laski:

Countries as a group of people who live together to achieve a common goal

• According to Max Weber:

The state is a society that has a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a region

• According to Robert M. Mac Iver:

State is an association that organizes the order of a society in a region through a legal system organized by a government to enter is given the authority to compel.

According to most scholars of modern political Islam, do not find that formula (qothi) about the concept of the State.

2). Destination Country

1. Extending the power
2. Conducting legal order
3. Achieving common prosperity

In the context of Indonesia, the state's purpose in accordance with the opening of the 1945 Constitution is to promote the general welfare, the intellectual life of the nation and participate in the establishment of world order based on freedom, abiding peace and social justice.

In Islam, by Ibn Arabi states the purpose is so that people can run their lives well, away from disputes and maintain the intervention of foreign parties. Meanwhile, according to Ibn Kaldum goal is to seek the benefit of the state religion and the world that lead to the interests of the hereafter.

3). Elements of the State

Constituent elements of a country are:

1. People

Namely a set of human beings who are united by a sense of equality and jointly inhabit a given territory.

2. Region

That element of the state that must be met because there could be no state without territorial boundaries are clear. In the concept of the modern state of their respective boundaries are set out in treaties and international legislation.

3. Government

Namely the completeness of the state organization charged with leading the country to achieve a common goal the establishment of a state.

Governments are generally divided into two forms of parliamentary and presidential. Countries with presidential systems are formed as a republic with a president as head of state and head of government. Countries with parliamentary systems have a president as head of state and prime minister as head of government.

4. Recognition of Other Countries

Based on the declarative theory, if a political community has had three main elements of the state, then by itself has become a state, which therefore should be treated as a sovereign state. Constitutive theory holds that no matter how the main elements of the state has been owned by a political society, but it is not automatically accepted as a state in the midst of the international community.

There are two kinds of recognition of a country, namely the recognition of de facto and de jure. Recognition of de facto recognition of the fact that there are countries while de jure recognition is the recognition of the validity of a country on the basis of judicial consideration according to law.

3. THEORY OF THE STATE formation

1. Social Contract Theory (Social Contrac)

This theory is also called the theory of the agreement, the public assumes that the state established by the treaties in the tradition of western society. Adherents of this theory are:

1. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

According to Hobbes there is a variety called pactum subjectionis agreement or an agreement to surrender all the rights of nature at the same time giving full power to not be matched by any power (Non est potestas Super Terram quae Comparatur ei)

2. John Locke

According to Locke's head of state or state officials should be limited through the social contract, there are natural rights which are rights-rights that citizens can not be removed even by each individual. Relying on this view Locke adds pactum subjectionis contract as it has been formulated by Hobbes at the top with what is termed pactum unionists or an agreement to join the citizens of a community to gain comfort, safety, peace in life together.

3. Jean Jacques Rousseau

According to Rousseau, he knows only one kind of agreement that is pactum unionists which is a form of real community agreement. Rousseau did not recognize pactun subjectionis in the formation of a state or government are adhered to. Rousseau is known as the foundation stone of gentleness form of state sovereignty in the hands of the people through representatives of their political organization and is known as the originator of the springs understand democracy in which popular sovereignty of the people sovereign and ruler of the country is only a representative of the people implementing the mandate together.

2. Theory of Belief (Theocracy)

This doctrine holds that the rights are owned by the king to rule comes from God, they have the mandate of God to the throne as a ruler (Devine Right of Kings). They claim to be representative of God in the world that power accountable only to God not to man. This theocratic view evolved into dominant understand that there is no separation between religion and state in Islam. As occurred in the Western world who embrace the Christian religion as well as experience the power of theocracy in the west, the ruler of the Islamic theocracy face of opposition from groups of anti-royal. According to modern and contemporary Muslim thought in the Islamic powers must be accountable both to God and people.

3. Theory of Power

Simply put this theory can be interpreted that the state is formed due to the dominance of strong nations through colonialism. According to this theory, the strength of the justification of the formation of a state. Through the process of conquest and occupation by an ethnic group or for specific groups began the process of establishing a state in other words the formation of a country as fights kukuatan where the winner has the power to form a state.

4. STATE FORMS

1. Unitary State (Unitarianism)

That is the form of an independent and sovereign state with a powerful central government and set the entire region. Unitary state is divided into two kinds of government systems

1. Centralized System

Namely the system of government that directly led by the central government and local governments implement central government policies

2. Decentralized System

The head region are given the opportunity and authority to administer its own affairs or known diwilayahnya government with regional autonomy (suatantara)

2. Union (Federation)

That is a form of joint state consisting of several states of the union state. Initially the state is a sovereign independent state and independent, having joined the union on its own nation state is releasing some of its power and handed it to the state union, known by the term limitatif (one by one).

Form of the state is classified into 3 groups according to the implementers and the selection mechanism:

1. Monarchy

Governance model that is headed by the king or queen. Monarchy is also divided into two, namely the absolute monarchy as a government run by Saudi Arabia are the two that is a constitutional monarchy that is run by Japanese and English.

2. Oligarchy

Government that is run by some people in power of a particular class or group.

3. Democracy

That form of government rests on popular sovereignty or basing their authority on the choice and the will of the people through electoral mechanisms that take place in an honest, safe, free and fair

5. COUNTRY CONNECTING WITH CITIZENS

Indonaesia State in accordance with the constitution as an obligation to ensure and protect all Indonesian citizens without exception. Countries are also obliged to ensure and protect the rights of citizens in accordance with religious beliefs, right to education, freedom of association and expression.

• Relationships Religion and Citizens: The Case of Islam

In the case of the Islamic world, is still an intense debate among Muslim scholars. According to Azyumardi Azra, the tension of debate about the relationship between religion and state in Islam fueled by a very awkward relationship between Islam as a religion and state. The debate over Islam and the state depart from the dominant view of Islam as a comprehensive system of life regulate human life, including political issues.

According to Ibn Thaimiyah, if any, that government is simply a tool to convey the religion and power is not the religion itself. In other words, politics or the state in Islam is to religion as a tool rather than the existence of the religion of Islam

The relationship between Islam and the modern state theoretically:

1. Paradigm Integralistic

Adopts this paradigm and the concept of religion and state is a unity that can not be separated, the concept of religion-state which means that the life of a state governed by law and the principle of religious

2. Symbiotic Paradigm

According to this paradigm, the relationship between religion and state are in a position menbutuhkan mutual and reciprocal or symbiotic mutualitik. In this case, religion needs the state as an instrument in preserving and developing the state religion and vice versa also need religion because it helps the state in moral development, ethics and spirituality of its citizens.

3. Paradigm Sekuralistik

According to this paradigm, religion and state are two different forms with each other and each has a claim, so that its existence should and should not be separated from each other to intervene. The state is a public affairs and religion is a private sphere of individual citizens.

• Relationships Religion and State in Indonesia

Religion and State Relations in Indonesia more adheres to the principle of dynamic balance, a middle ground between secularism and theocracy. Dynamic balance is no separation of religion and politics, but each can co-exist with any role. Religions have the power remains critical of states and countries have the obligations of religion, in other words, the pattern of relationship between religion and state in Indonesia adopt-symbiotic mutualism

6. SYMPTOMS disintegration

State has the potential for support of the democratic process that manifests as a guide for today's global and can also be a threat to the democratic process if it appears as a repressive force and dominate many aspects of life of the nation, to sustain the process of democratization, the state as an important component in it should provide facilities democracy such as freedom of press, freedom of association, freedom of speech and of expression as well as increased public facilities and public areas are free to facilitate the diverse opinions of citizens. Demokarasi who aspired to the founders of the Indonesian nation is not only unlimited freedom, but freedom is responsible. Religion as believed by many adherents to the moral teaching of individual and social responsibility.

7. CONCLUSION

Humans as social beings requires the presence of a state. State is the highest organization in a group of people with aspirations to unite and live in an area having a sovereign government. In the conception of Islam, Islam teaches many values ​​and ethics should state how it was built and raised. In Indonesia, a country which is constitutionally not an Islamic state or a state religion because it has a significant and important role in shaping the character of Indonesia as a nation state. Relationship between religion and state in Indonesia adheres to the relationship and symbiotic mutualism, citizens have an important authority and bargaining power against the state for always and continues to control the process of administering the state to remain in accordance with the constitution and laws applicable. In other words, the important role attached to its citizens is to always be in control of every process of the country in order to remain consistent in the establishment of the state primary goal of promoting the welfare of its people.

8. REFERENCES

Azra, Azyumardi, democracy, human rights, and civil society (Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2000)
Rozak, abdul, democracy, human rights, and civil society (Jakarta: ICCE) UIN
Sharif Hidayatullah in collaboration with The Asia Foundation, Second Revised Edition. 2006
Ubaidillah, A, et al. Citizenship education. Jakarta: IAIN Jakarta Press. 2000

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CIVIC EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION

IN HIGHER EDUCATION

By: Saeful Bahri

Students Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, tarbiyah science faculty and teacher

I. INTRODUCTION

 

Since the onset of the reform movement and demokratisaasi in Indonesia in the late 1990s that it has formally ended the arrangement and instrumentation pseudo democracy in the era of the new order, and slowly climbed the order of a new era of reform, began to develop thinking and the need merekonseptualisasi meresponsisi civic education in context of democratic education in a fundamental sense. And in accordance with the laws no. 2 of 1989 on national education systems in higher education curriculum has been assigned the subject of civic education (civics) as one component of a group of common courses. Until now the general courses include citizenship education materials with the aim to develop students to be able to play an active role as citizens in the context of defending the country. This is understandable because it was originally, ie before the law no. 2 years 1989itu, this course is better known as civics courses. And now has become a civic education that aims of formal education will be citizens who have different abilities to make changes in society and become agents for change in society and able to perform the process of self learning, process pengewanjatahan transfer values ​​and principles in life real.

II. PROBLEM

1. Indonesian citizenship education background.
2. Understanding of civic education.
3. Standards of competence and basic competences of citizenship education in college.
4. The scope of civic education materials.
5. Paradigm of civic education
6. Urgency of building a culture of civic education for democracy in Indonesia.

III.   DISCUSSION

1. Indonesian citizenship education background

Along with the development of democracy in Indonesia, the demands of democratization and reform after the collapse of the New Order regime, civics education as a form of civic education at the college level, the new order. Efforts to replace civics education into citizenship education at college to find momentum, both within the framework of the development of substantive democracy which is the mandate of legal reform movement and the enactment of the national education system uu number 20 of 2003 article 37 which requires that the curriculum of each unit and level of education, including the higher education includes a. Religious education, b. Civic education, and c. Language.

Civic education is intended to form a human learners who have a sense of nationhood and unpatriotic (paragraph 1 of article explanation of Law 20/2003) in the context of national education civic education and the instrument used as a container for menwujudkan national education goals is the development of potential learners to be a man who is faithful, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and become citizens of a democratic and responsible.

The purpose of citizenship education is basically how to make an intelligent citizen and well and able to support the sustainability of the nation and state. Citizenship efforts of individuals or people who live within a nation state is a fundamental duty. The concept of an intelligent citizen and the good of course depend on the outlook on life and the political system of the country concerned. Pendidikam citizenship, especially along the new order of government, has been engineered as a tool to perpetuate power by means of indoctrination, manipulation of democracy and the Pancasila, and paradoxically action ruler of the new order. Paradoxical attitude of the new order is not visible from the road between civics education programs and Pancasila with the new order elite behavior in managing the country full of corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN). The large number of Indonesian society with no knowledge of democracy, it requires a model of civic education to empower and liberate people from the democratic commonness.

It is expected that with the change in civics education and citizenship education fit into the mandate of the national education system number 20 of 2003 chapter 37 we can freely learn good citizenship education in strata sd / mi, smp / mts, aliyah / sma, and colleges so that the realization of proficiency partisifasi and responsible in the life of the nation, making the community as Indonesian citizens who are intelligent, active, critical, and democratic but still has a commitment to maintain and integratis persatuaan nation and develop a civilized democratic culture.

2. Definition of Citizenship Education

Use of civic education can not be separated from the empirical reality of the current Indonesian who still lay about democracy. Zamroni civic education in the view of democracy can be defined as education that aims to prepare citizens to think critically and act domokratis, through awareness activities to instill a new generation of awareness that democracy is a form of community life that most guarantees the rights of society.

According Somantri, civic education is characterized by the following characteristics:

• Civic education is an activity that involves the entire school program.
• Civic education includes a wide range of teaching activities that can nurture life and better behavior in a democratic society.
• In civic education also includes matters relating to the experience, interests of society, personal and objective conditions for the living state.

In other words, citizenship education (civic education) is an educational program that tried to incorporate the substantive elements of the above components of civic education through learning model of democratic, interactive, and humanist in a democratic environment. Substantive elements of civic education is summed up in three interrelated core components of citizenship education, namely: democracy, human rights, and civil society.

3. Standards of competence and basic competence in citizenship education colleges

1. Competency standards.

Standards of qualification or competence is the size of a person's ability or skill that mecakup set of knowledge, attitudes and skills. Thus the competency standards of civic education is to become an intelligent citizen and civilized.

2. Basic competence.

In learning the basic competence or civic education which is often called the minimum competencies that transformed and transmitted to the learner consists of three types:

a). Competence is the ability of citizenship: kemamapuan and skills associated with citizenship education core material (ie democracy, human rights, and civil society).

b). Competence is the ability of citizenship attitudes and skills related to the awareness and commitment of citizens, among others, a commitment to equality, gender, tolerance, pluralism, and a commitment to caring and terlibatdalam solving problems related to citizens human rights violations.

c). Ketamprilan citizenship competence: the ability to articulate the capabilities and skills of citizenship skills such as the ability to participate in the process of making public kebijakaan, kemamapuan exercise control over state officials and the government.

3. The purpose of citizenship education

The purpose of civic education to build the character of the nation Indonesia: (a) develop skills partisifasif citizens of quality and responsibility in the life of nation and state. (B) make Indonesian citizens who are intelligent, active, critical, and democratic but still has a commitment to maintain the unity and integrity of the nation. (c) develop a civilized democratic culture of freedom, equality, tolerance, and responsibility.

Thus After graduating from the formal education will become citizens who have different abilities to perform peubahan in society and become agents for change in society and able to perform the process of self learning, process pengewanjatahan transfer values ​​and principles in real life.

4. The scope of civic education materials in college

Civic education materials consist of three subject matter of democracy, human rights, and civil society. All three materials are elaborated into nine pakok material and berkoherensi interacts with one another. Ninth material is 1. (Preliminary), 2. (Building a civilized country), 3. (Constitution and governance legislation in the life bernegaraan), 4. (National identity and globalization), 5. (Democracy: theory and action), 6. (Regional autonomy within the framework of the Republic of Indonesia), 7. (Clean governance and good governance), 8. (Human rights), 9. (Nasyarakat strengthen civil society).

5. Paradigm of civic education

Demokratis develop civic education paradigm that emphasizes the orientation of efforts penberdayaan students as citizens in a democratic Indonesia. Democratic paradigm in placing education as a subject of active learners, educators, learners as partners in the process of democracy pembelajaran.sedangkan purpose of this paradigm is an effort directed learning so that learners not only mengetahuai something (learning to know) but can learn to be human are responsible as individuals and social beings (learning to be) and to learn to do something (learning to do) is based on the knowledge that has it. Through penbelajaran pattern is expected of students can and ready to learn to live together (learning to live together) in a pluralistic nation and the citizens of the world Indonesia since humans as social beings.

6. Urgency of building a culture of civic education for democracy in Indonesia

According to Ahmad Shafii Ma'arif, democracy is not a discourse, or thought patterns of political behavior that can be built at once, nor the instant stuff, he says, democracy is a process by which society and the State has a role in it to build a culture and system of life that can create welfare, justice social, economic and political. From the point of view in, democracy can be created if communities and governments together develop kesadara the importance of democracy in the people and the nation.

The process of democratization in Indonesia still needs strut genuine democratic culture. Without the support of the democratic culture, the process of democratic transition is still vulnerable to a variety prilakutidak ancamanbudaya and democratic heritage of the past, such as the anarchist behavior in voicing opinions, politics, money (money politicis). Directing the masses for political purposes, and the use of symbols of primordial (ethnic and religious) in politics.

Settings towards genuine democracy and civility the more authentic it is not easy and instant reverse process requires recognition, learning and practice (learning by doing) and deepening (deepening) of democracy. This long process is nothing done in order to develop a democratic culture (Cultur democratic).

 

IV. CONCLUSION

 

The purpose of citizenship education is basically how childbirth learners become citizens of a smart and good, and able to support the sustainability of the nation and state.

Use of civic education can not be separated from the empirical reality of the current Indonesian who still lay about democracy. Civic education.

Civic education is intended to form a human learners who have a sense of nationhood and citizenship education unpatriotic used as containers and instruments to achieve national education goals of the development potential of learners in order to become a man of faith, healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, and become citizens of a democratic and responsible.

 

V. CLOSING

 

Thus this paper we made, may be useful for anyone who read it. If there are errors in terms of content as well as in writing, it is our weaknesses and shortcomings as an ordinary human being.

 

REFERENCES

Azra, Azyumardi, democracy, human rights, and civil society (Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2000)

Rozak, abdul, democracy, human rights, and civil society (Jakarta: ICCE) Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University in collaboration with The Asia Foundation, Second Revised Edition. 2006

Ubaidillah, A, et al. Citizenship education. Jakarta: IAIN Jakarta Press. 2000

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Grouping Information Technologi

GROUPING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
by : Saeful Bahri 
 

 It is known that information technology including computer technology and communication technology, more detailed information technologies can be grouped into several sections, among others, as follows.

1. Technology Input (input technology)

Namely technology-related equipment to enter data into the system PC (Personal Computer), maybe we are familiar with a keyboard whose name this is one tool of this technology.

2. Processing technologies (processing technology)

This technology is known as the processing engine, which is the brain of the computer, this is what we used to we are familiar with the CPU (central processing unit), microprocessor, or processor.Thus, the computer system can not function without this processing machines.

3. Storage Technology

Namely technology-related equipment for data storage that has been processed in a computer system, whether it be text, images or videos, which are stored in the memory.. In the development of today's memory can be divided into boxes of forms, ie internal memory and external storage, which has a storage capacity levels, ranging bite, kilobite, megabite, to gigabite.

4. Technology output (output technology)

The technology associated with any device or instrument that serves to present the results of information processing computer systems, such as those we are familiar with the monitor, which can display the data that had recently refined in the process of the personal computer.

5. Software technology (software)

This technology is also known as a program, a sequence of instructions used to control the computer so the computer can perform the desired action according to users, ranging from word processing program (Ms. Word, Wordpad, Notepad, Latex and Open Office Writer, etc..), The program number crunchers (Ms. Excel, Lotus, Quatro Pro, Applixware Spreadsheets, etc..), image processing or design such as Photoshop, Corel Draw, and many more programs that will let users of this technology in everyday tasks.

During its development, these technologies were created to facilitate its users which is nothing but the fruit is the result of the hands of IT experts, who always develops his ideas in creating new things in this field, or just develop something that already exists.

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